![]() A liver ultrasound scan is helpful, but a percutaneous biopsy is the gold-standard diagnostic method. It presents with prolonged conjugated jaundice, pale stools and dark urine. If untreated, it progresses to liver cirrhosis and death. It results in complete obliteration of the extra-hepatic bile ducts after birth. Galactosaemia and other inborn errors of metabolismīiliary atresia is a congenital inflammatory disease of unknown cause.cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, rubella or herpes simplex virus) Biliary atresia: early diagnosis and treatment of this condition is vital (see below).Galactosaemia and other inborn errors of metabolism (these may also cause conjugated jaundice).It presents with severe, prolonged jaundice that often results in neurological damage and death within one year of life. Crigler-Najjar syndrome: a rare autosomal recessive disorder where no functioning UGT is produced in the liver.This causes reduced ability to conjugate bilirubin, resulting in mild episodes of jaundice throughout life in response to certain triggers. Gilbert’s syndrome: an autosomal recessive disorder with reduced UGT enzyme activity in the liver.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: an X-linked recessive condition where lack of G6PD makes RBCs susceptible to oxidative damage and haemolysis.Hereditary spherocytosis: an inherited disease where defects in RBC skeletal proteins cause RBCs to assume a spherical shape with a reduced lifespan.Haemolytic disease of the newborn: caused by maternal Rhesus or ABO antibodies against the baby’s RBCs.Unconjugated jaundice can be caused by neonatal sepsis, haemolysis, or endocrine/metabolic disorders. While most cases of neonatal jaundice do not have a pathological cause, many underlying diseases can present with jaundice. The breakdown of RBCs within the cephalohaematoma causes higher bilirubin levels and predisposes to jaundice. Babies with significant bruising or cephalohaematoma: which can occur in difficult deliveries.Prolonged jaundice in breastfed babies is sometimes referred to as ‘breast milk’ jaundice. ![]() Breastfed babies: experience more marked and prolonged jaundice than formula-fed infants for reasons that are not completely understood.Preterm babies: tend to have higher bilirubin levels and more prolonged jaundice than term infants.Some neonates are more prone to jaundice: 2 ![]()
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